Moulded plywood is a modern material through and through. It’s the product of an industrial manufacturing process that changes and even improves the natural properties of the wood. The first step in the process is to “peel” the tree trunk into an endless veneer, which is then cut and glued crosswise in multiple layers. This allows all of the cuts to bear weight in all directions. In the final step, the cuts are pressed using heat and pressure and can be formed into two-dimensional sheets or even complex three-dimensional objects. Elegantly curved chairs, sleek boat hulls and aircraft fuselages: moulded plywood, like chrome-plated tubular steel and concrete, embodies the enthusiasm of modernism – the beginning of a new era. Gluing thin layers of wood together, though, is by no means a modern discovery. The ancient Egyptians were already familiar with the principle and used veneers and plywood for their furniture and wagons. There is also evidence of similarly crafted objects in Ancient China and Rome. However, it was only during the Industrial Revolution that inventions such as the veneer rotary cutter and the hot press made it possible to refine this familiar material into modern moulded plywood.
Thonet discovered moulded plywood in 1876. Franz Thonet, one of company founder Michael Thonet’s sons, had travelled to Philadelphia to attend the World Fair. One of the exhibitors was an American company that was presenting chairs with seats made of moulded plywood. These obviously made quite an impression because one year later Thonet presented his no. 18 chair, the first with a seat and backrest made with this new material. Additional models using this innovative construction method followed, and moulded plywood established itself as an alternative to Viennese canework. In 1888, the term “thermoplastic wood seat” appeared for the first time in a Thonet catalogue. Even as designers were revolutionising furniture design with bent tubular steel in the 1920s, layered and moulded wood did not become obsolete: Mart Stam’s S 43 chair is still produced by Thonet today with a seat and backrest made of bent moulded plywood. But this material goes back even further in Thonet history. Before Michael Thonet perfected the process of bending solid wood in the middle of the 19th century, he had experimented with glued wood that he pressed into moulds. Using this technique, he developed the curved Boppard chair in the 1830s, which was made from bundles of veneer that were boiled in glue and then bent. It was an exceptionally modern piece of furniture, in which the design, material and construction were all mutually dependent; it would have been simply impossible to build such a chair using classic carpentry and solid wood. But this innovative construction also had its downsides: when Thonet sent a shipment of Boppard Chairs to South America, the glue was not able to stand up to the warm, humid climate. Bent solid wood proved to be more robust, and material made of glued layers of wood became passé at Thonet for half a century – until more durable glues and optimised manufacturing techniques came along.
After the Second World War, moulded plywood was the material of the day and, at the same time, a driver of innovation. A love of organic design ruled the design world – furniture brought lightness and life into interior spaces. Bent seat shells, rounded edges – moulded plywood created chairs that seemed to hover. Thonet even created its own moulded-plywood collection titled “Bent Ply”. Bent Ply perfectly fuses the words “bentwood” and “plywood” – both genuine Thonet materials. For example, the 661 chair, which Thonet introduced at the beginning of the 1950s. Designer Günter Eberle bent a single piece of moulded plywood into a seat shell with a characteristic opening between the seat and the back. It was almost impossible to reduce this chair any more, but the “shell chair”, as it was called, looked neither austere nor banal. If anything, the living wood grain visible on the surface and the chair's soft curves give the 661 a special presence and make it appear warm and inviting. The design world was also impressed. At the most important design exhibition of the time – the X. Triennale held in Milan in 1954 – the shell chair was awarded a silver medal. Moulded plywood is particularly special wood. It combines the advantages of mass production with the beauty of a natural product like practically no other material. And that is typical of Thonet: like bentwood and tubular steel, it lives from its plasticity. A two-dimensional material is shaped into a three-dimensional object; lines and planes form spatiality, which, even today, still feels like a small miracle of design.
